A chemical reaction Equation 9 between calcium carbonate and sulfuric acid the primary acid component of acid rain results in the dissolution of CaCO 3 to give aqueous ions, which in turn are washed away in the water flow. This process occurs at the surface of the buildings or monuments; thus acid rain can easily destroy the details on relief work e.
The degree of damage is determined not only by the acidity of the rainwater, but also by the amount of water flow that a region of the surface receives. Regions exposed to direct downpour of acid rain are highly susceptible to erosion, but regions that are more sheltered from water flow such as under eaves and overhangs of limestone buildings are much better preserved.
The marble columns of the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Trajan, in Rome, provide a striking example: large volumes of rainwater flow directly over certain parts of the columns, which have been badly eroded; other parts are protected by wind effects from this flow, and are in extremely good condition even after nearly years!
Even those parts of marble and limestone structures that are not themselves eroded can be damaged by this process Equation 9. When the water dries, it leaves behind the ions that were dissolved in it. When a solution containing calcium and sulfate ions dries, the ions crystallize as CaSO 4 l 2H 2 O, which is gypsum.
Gypsum is soluble in water, so it is washed away from areas that receive a heavy flow of rain. However, gypsum accumulates in the same sheltered areas that are protected from erosion, and attracts dust, carbon particles, dry-ash, and other dark pollutants. This results in blackening of the surfaces where gypsum accumulates.
An even more serious situation arises when water containing calcium and sulfate ions penetrates the stone's pores. When the water dries, the ions form salt crystals within the pore system.
These crystals can disrupt the crystalline arrangement of the atoms in the stone, causing the fundamental structure of the stone to be disturbed. If the crystalline structure is disrupted sufficiently, the stone may actually crack. Thus, porosity is an important factor in determining a stone's durability. Based on the information described above about the calcium ion, and the formula of calcium carbonate CaCO 3 , deduce the charge of the carbonate ion. Also, in the structure of the carbonate ion, are any of the oxygens bonded to one another, or all the oxygens bonded to the carbon atom?
Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate and sulfuric acid. See the introduction to Experiment 2 in the lab manual for a discussion of net ionic equations. Which is a more durable building material, limestone or marble? Briefly, explain your reasoning. Brown, Lemay, and Buster. Chemistry: the Central Science , 7th ed. Charola, A. Petrucci and Harwood.
General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, 7th ed. Walk, M. New England Water Works Assn. All rights reserved. What is Acid Rain? Causes of acid rain Rotting vegetation and erupting volcanoes release some chemicals that can cause acid rain, but most acid rain is a product of human activities. Share Tweet Email. Read This Next Wild parakeets have taken a liking to London. Animals Wild Cities Wild parakeets have taken a liking to London Love them or hate them, there's no denying their growing numbers have added an explosion of color to the city's streets.
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Science Why it's so hard to treat pain in infants. When acid deposition is washed into lakes and streams, it can cause some to turn acidic. The Long-Term Monitoring LTM Network measures and monitors surface water chemistry at over sites to provide valuable information on aquatic ecosystem health and how water bodies respond to changes in acid-causing emissions and acid deposition. Skip to main content. Contact Us. What Causes Acid Rain? Vehicles and heavy equipment.
Manufacturing, oil refineries and other industries. Forms of Acid Deposition Wet Deposition Wet deposition is what we most commonly think of as acid rain. Dry Deposition Acidic particles and gases can also deposit from the atmosphere in the absence of moisture as dry deposition.
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